| Carnival | |
|---|---|
Original Broadway Cast Album |
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| Music | Bob Merrill |
| Lyrics | Bob Merrill |
| Book | Michael Stewart |
| Basis | The film Lili (1953) |
| Productions | 1961 Broadway 1963 West End 2002 Encores! |
Carnival is a 1961 musical with the book by Michael Stewart and music and lyrics by Bob Merrill. The musical is based on the 1953 film Lili.
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In December 1958 producer David Merrick announced his intent to produce a stage musical based on the 1953 film Lili, a concept suggested to Merrick by that film's screenwriter Helen Deutsch. Originally Deutsch was to write the musical's book while the score was assigned to Gérard Calvi a French composer - Lili was set in France - who authored the revue La Plume de Ma Tante which Merrick produced on Broadway. Calvi's lack of expertise with English lyrics would result in his dropping out of the Lili musical project whereupon on Deutsch's recommendation Merrick hired Bob Merrill to write the score.[1]
After seeing the musical Bye Bye Birdie which opened on Broadway in April 1960, Merrick recruited the production's stage director/choreographer Gower Champion to act in those capacities for the Lili musical; Helen Deutsch by then had been dropped or soon would be dropped from Merrick's project as Merrick was finding the drafts she was submitting unworkable for the stage and feeling he could get the desired result more expediently working with a writer with stage musical experience Merrick recruited Bye Bye Birdie writer Michael Stewart in September 1960 the invitation being made through Gower Champion. (In its final form Carnival! would credit its book to "Michael Stewart based on material by Helen Deutsch".) A month after Stewart submitted his first draft for Carnival! - as the Lili musical project was entitled by November 1960 - the writer was fired by Merrick; however he was rehired thirty-six hours later.[2]
A lone figure, Jacquot, is playing "[[Love Makes the World Go 'Round (Theme From Carnival!)|Love Makes the World Go 'Round]]" on a concertina ("Opening"). Gradually, the other carnival members arrive and parade their colorful banners and bright costumes ("Direct From Vienna"). Lili, an optimistic orphan, enters the gift caravan in hope of a job ("A Very Nice Man"). Marco the Magnificent, a magician, enters and performs a magic trick, which enchants Lili so much that she falls in love with him. He invites her to his trailer and charms her ("A Sword And A Rose And A Cape"). She agrees to participate in one of his magic tricks and leaves to explore more of the carnival happily ("Yes, My Heart").
In another part of the carnival Paul Berthalet, a lonely, bitter and crippled puppeteer, is unhappy with life ("I've Got to Find a Reason"), ignoring his friend Jacquot's protests. Lili enters, glad to meet them. She tells them of her hometown "Mira" because she is homesick ("Mira"). Jacquot feels sympathy for Lili, but Paul is unmoved and doesn't care. At the night's performance, Lili ruins the trick and the show. Humiliated, she prepares to leave, but is stopped by a small redheaded puppet named Carrot Top. Lili meets the three other puppets: Horrible Henry, Marguerite, and Reynardo the Fox. After singing a song to comfort Horrible Henry ("[[Love Makes the World Go 'Round (Theme From Carnival!)|Love Makes the World Go 'Round]]"), Lili decides to join the puppet act. When she leaves, it is revealed that Paul is the puppeteer. The puppet act becomes a hit, starting with the song "Yum Ticky" and then grander songs like "The Rich" and "Beautiful Candy". Paul notices that he pays a lot of attention to Lili and curses his obsession with "Her Face" only to realize the emotion he's feeling is love. All the same, he treats her with increasing cruelty but increasing care through his four alter egos. Jacquot sees that the carnival is gaining popularity and predicts that the carnival will soon be "The Grand Imperial Cirque De Paris". Paul is frustrated and while practicing with Lili, corrects her every move and executes a dance step miserably, causing him to fall. When Lili runs to help him, he kisses her. Lili is shocked, angry and confused. They run to opposite sides as Lili proclaims he's the first person she's ever hated ("I Hate Him") while Paul reprises "Her Face".
Meanwhile Marco practices a magic trick with his partner, The Incomparable Rosalie, who has threatened to leave him for a doctor. They pledge their love ("Always, Always You"). Paul sings about his love with "She's My Love". Lili, stressed, prepares to leave the carnival. The carnival, too, is moving to a new town. Carrot Top appears asking her if she will leave without saying goodbye. She sees the puppet is trembling, and lifts the puppet off to reveal Paul's hand. She brings him out of the puppet stand. As Paul confesses, she begins to understand the kindness in him and together they follow the carnival.
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Carnival! premiered at the National Theatre in Washington D.C. where it ran March 9–25, 1961[3]with the production next opening in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 27, 1961. The Broadway premiere of Carnival! was on April 12, 1961 at the Imperial Theatre. The original cast starred Anna Maria Alberghetti as Lili, James Mitchell as Marco, Kaye Ballard as Rosalie, Pierre Olaf as Jacquot, Henry Lascoe and Jerry Orbach making his Broadway debut as Paul Berthalet. Gower Champion both directed and choreographed with orchestrations by Philip J. Lang. Carnival! was notable for its innovative staging: there was no overture and before the play commenced the curtain was already raised to put on view a field with a few trees; at the play's beginning actors hauled in wagons and raised a tent as if they were setting up a traveling fair at a new site. Throughout the play actors entered and exited the stage via the aisles of the theater where occasionally bits of the action were played.[4] Carnival! was an instant hit with critics and audiences: John Chapman of the Daily News declared the play "enchantment from the moment the houselights go down" while in the Mirror Robert Coleman reported how the premiere's audience "blistered their palms in affectionate welcome to the town's new song and dance triumph."[5] Carnival! ran on Broadway for 719 performances, moving after its December 15, 1962 performance to the Winter Garden Theatre where the musical ended on January 5, 1963.
In the early stages of developing Carnival!, Merrick had envisioned Lili as a dancing rather singing role as in the parent film Lili and had hoped that film's star Leslie Caron would recreate the Lili role on Broadway. This course proving untenable, the Lili role in Carnival! was developed as a singing role for which Carol Lawrence was for a time a front runner. However, Merrick's ultimate choice for the role was Anna Maria Alberghetti an Italian born lyric soprano who at twenty-four had eighteen years experience as a singer and had a light resume of screen acting credits mostly on television. Before Carnival! Alberghetti had two evident credits as a musical stage actress having appeared at the Oakdale Theatre in Wallingford CT in productions of Rose-Marie and The Firefly in respectively 1959 and 1960. It has been reported that Merrick cast Alberghetti in Carnival! after a January 1961 viewing of her cabaret act in Philadelphia where the singer's audience interaction had made a favorable impression. However, Alberghetti has stated that Merrick had her audition after seeing her at the Oakdale Musical Theater in 1960 and her casting as Lili was reported in the New York Times as early as November 1960.
Despite his early good opinion of Alberghetti, Merrick's relationship with the star of his musical turned acrimonious. Merrick refused to release Alberghetti from Carnival! to avail herself of a film offer she received four months into the play's run and when Alberghetti was hospitalized August 6, 1961 for anemia and exhaustion Merrick reportedly either had an independent physician examine Alberghetti in hospital or had the hospitalized Alberghetti verify her illness in a lie detector test. Merrick loudly championed Anita Gillette the understudy who played Lili during Alberghetti's ten day sick leave, stating :"If I'd known she [Gillette] was this good when we were casting, she would have had the part",[6]and when the company of Carnival! greeted Alberghetti upon her return to the show Merrick presented her with a bouquet of roses variously described as plastic or dead. Gillette's brief stints in the lead of Carnival! - she'd relieve Alberghetti during the latter's two week vacation in December 1961 - had enough impact to launch a Broadway career for Gillette - although Carnival! would remain the only hit in which she appeared. Conversely Alberghetti - despite winning a Tony Award for her role in Carnival! (tying with Diahann Carroll) - would never appear in another Broadway production, subsequently refocusing on her cabaret career although she did occasionally appear in regional theatrical productions.
The first national tour of Carnival! opened in December 1961 in Rochester, New York and was headlined by Susan Watson (Lili), Ed Ames (Paul Berthalet), Jonathan Lucas (Marco), Jo Anne Worley (Rosalie), Johnny Haymer (Jacquot) and Alfred Dennis (Schlegel).[7][8][9] In April 1962 Susan Watson joined the Broadway production, taking over from Anna Maria Alberghetti who then headlined the touring company's San Francisco production; subsequently Carla Alberghetti would regularly play the role of Lili in the touring company although Anna Maria Alberghetti again assumed the role in the touring company's Los Angeles production which opened at the Philharmonic Auditorium in June 1962.[10] Also both Anna Maria Alberghetti and Jerry Orbach would reprise their Broadway roles in an eight week engagement of Carnival! which opened at the Shubert Theater in Chicago in November 1962. The second national tour of Carnival! opened at the Bushnell Memorial Theater in Hartford, Connecticut on October 18, 1962 and ran until May 11, 1963. The cast featured Elaine Malbin as Lili, David Daniels (Paul Berthalet), Don Potter (Jacquot) and Marge Cameron (Rosalie);[11] Ed Ames also played Paul Berthalet at some engagements.
The West End production of Carnival! opened at the Lyric Theater in February 1963; this production - which had premiered at the Grand Theater in Leeds November 22, 1962 and also played at the King's Theatre in Glasgow opening there December 12, 1962 - featured Gower Champion's staging for the Broadway production recreated by Lucia Victor and Doria Avila. James Mitchell reprised his Broadway role as Marco co-starring with Michael Maurel, Shirley Sands, Sally Logan as Lili, Bob Harris and Francis de Wolff. This cast recorded a cast album before the production had actually opened on the West End, where it would only play for 34 performances.
The Australian production of Carnival! opened in Sydney in September 1962.
Carnival! has not played on Broadway since the original production closed. There have been two Off-Broadway revivals, the first a production by the New York City Center Light Opera Company which began a month long engagement on December 12, 1968. Peter Howard, who had been the dance arranger for the original Broadway production of Carnival! was the musical director for the City Center production whose cast included Victoria Mallory (Lili), Leon Bibb (Paul Berthalet), Richard France (Marco), Karen Morrow (Rosalie), Carmine Caridi (Schlegel) and Pierre Olaf who reprising his Broadway role as Jacquot.[12] The City Center production is seemingly unique among major productions of Carnival! in making the show's love story an interracial one by casting an African-American actor in the role of Paul.
Carnival! again played at New York City Center in 2002 as an Encores! production directed by Kathleen Marshall which starred Anne Hathaway as Lili and featured puppets by the Jim Henson Company, NY Muppet Workshop; the cast also included Brian Stokes Mitchell (Paul Berthalet), Douglas Sills (Marco), Debbie Gravitte (Rosalie), David Costabile (Jacquot) and David Margulies (Schlegel). Ben Brantley in his New York Times review praised the Encores! concert, describing Hathaway as convincing in the role even though "Lili may be the most unworldly heroine ever in a Broadway musical, dangerously blurring the lines between innocence and mental deficiency".[13] It was announced in January 2004 that Julian Schlossberg planned to produce a revival of Carnival! to run on Broadway. Schlossberg hoped to feature the principal actors from the Encores! concert production in a full-scale rendering of the play, and also hoped that Encores! director Kathleen Marshall and the Jim Henson puppets would come onboard for the revival. The announcement also stated that the book for this revival of Carnival! would be reworked by Thomas Meehan.[14]This revival did not materialize.
There have been two Off-Off Broadway revivals of Carnival!, the first a 1977 Equity Library Theatre (ELT) production which ran November 3 - November 20. This was the first musical directed by Susan H. Schulman; the production featured Sue Anne Gershenzon (Lili), Ross Petty (Paul Berthalet), Joel Craig (Marco), Laura Kenyon (Rosalie), Jack Hoffman (Jacquot) and Carl Don (Schlegel). Schulman subsequently mounted Carnival! for the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera (CLO) in the summer of 1982 with Gershenzon, Petty and Hoffman reprising their ELT roles; the CLO production also featured Keith Curran (Marco) and Lenora Nemetz (Rosalie). In reviewing the CLO production, Terry Hazlett of the Observer-Reporter observed: "On paper, perhaps, [Carnival!] is a lackluster piece. The show contains only one memorable song: 'Love Makes the World Go 'Round', has few production numbers and asks the audience to believe a young woman is so naive she doesn't make the obvious connection between a puppeteer and his puppets. But director Susan H. Schulman and choreographer Steven Gelfer infuse a great deal of life into 'Carnival!' by making it just that - a carnival."[15]
In 1993 the York Theatre company revival of Carnival! played at the Theatre at St Peters Church in March 31- May 2. This production was directed/choreographed by Pamela Hunt and featured Glory Crampton (Lili), Robert Michael Baker (Paul Berthalet), Paul Schoeffler (Marco), Karen Mason (Rosalie), Robert Lydiard (Jacquot) and William Linton (Schlegel). In his New York Magazine review of the York Theatre production John Simon characterized the original Carnival! as "a ramshackle production of a sentimental movie [that] was saved on Broadway by Gower Champion and adept casting" and opined: "The York Theatre production of Carnival! does what York is best at - taking a questionable show and making it unquestionably amateurish."[16] Stephen Holden of the New York Times found the York Theatre production of Carnival!: "a rough-and-tumble singing storybook in which the members of a third-rate French circus troupe smilingly send up their own mediocrity...The show, a double allegory of a girl's growing up and of love overcoming despair, is potentially treacly stuff, and a production this intimate risks magnifying the sweetness to a terminally gooey level. But Pamela Hunt...has tightly controlled its hokier aspects. In her hands, Carnival! becomes a brash musical farce that turns sentimental only when absolutely required."[17]
Both the Equity Library Theatre and Encores! stagings were taped for the New York Public Library Billy Rose Theatre Collection archives.
Anna Maria Alberghetti reprised the role of Lili in a production of Carnival! which played the Valley Music Theater in Woodland Hills LA for two weeks in February 1966 and which also featured James Mitchell and Ed Ames reprising their roles from respectively the Broadway and national touring companies of Carnival!.[18]
Director/choreographer Robert Longbottom directed a revival of Carnival! which ran from February 17 to March 11, 2007 at the Eisenhower Theatre at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC[19] with a cast which included Ereni Sevasti (Lili), Jim Stanek (Paul Berthalet), Sebastian La Cause (Marco), Natascia Diaz (Rosalie), Michael Arnold (Jacqout), and Jonathan Lee Iverson (Schlegel). This production, which introduced a revised book by Francine Pascal (sister of the late Michael Stewart) was a critical hit as evidenced by the reviews of Paul Harris in Variety - "So where has this little gem been hiding? Following the original David Merrick/Gower Champion production's 719-[performance] run on Broadway in the early '60s, Carnival! largely disappeared into the neglected musical dungeon, with only a smattering of noteworthy escapes since, including a 2002 City Center Encores! revival. The Bob Merrill and Michael Stewart tuner has surfaced at the Kennedy Center in delightful shape, under the discerning eye of director-choreographer Robert Longbottom."[20]and Peter Marks of The Washington Post: "No musical in recent years has looked or sounded better on a Kennedy Center stage than the revival of 'Carnival!' that has been buffed to a ravishing sheen by director Robert Longbottom...If the Kennedy Center's goal here was to dress a difficult, neglected work in a coat of contemporary artistry, the aim has been achieved."[21]
The Paper Mill Playhouse mounted Carnival! in 2006, the play running March 8- April 19 under the direction of Erica Schmidt with a cast including Elena Shaddow (Lili), Charles Pollock (Paul Berthalet), Paul Schoeffler (Marco), Jennifer Allen (Rosalie), Eric Michael Gillett (Jacquot) and Nick Wyman (Schlegel). In her New York Times write-up of the Paper Mill revival, Naomi Siegel characterizes Carnival! as "an also-ran among American musicals [which] simply never entered the Broadway pantheon" and specifies the dark elements she feels make Carnival! overall problematic - "the bleakness of the leading characters -- Lili, a forlorn orphan looking for love in all the wrong places; Marco, a second-rate magician with a Lothario complex; and Paul, a former dancer, wounded in the war and now forced to perform as a puppeteer and miserable in the process...[Also] the underlying theme of child exploitation...with a subtle but present sexual subtext" - before assessing the Paper Mill production as "[a] revival [which] reminds us of the genuine charm of the work and provides several show-stopping numbers for its talented players [but] does little to dispel the shadow that the play casts."[22] Paper Mill had first presented Carnival! in 1964 opening 11 February with Liza Minnelli then seventeen in one of her earliest stage roles as Lili, Minnelli having debuted in the role in a production at the Mineola Playhouse which opened January 28, 1964.
Darko Tresnjak directed a revival of Carnival! which ran from August 12 - September 18, 2010 at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam CT under the auspices of Goodspeed Musicals which had previously mounted Carnival! in 1986. The 2010 Goodspeed production of Carnival!, which retained Francine Pascal's revisions for the 2007 Kennedy Center production, had in its cast Lauren Worsham (Lili), Adam Monley (Paul Berthalet), Nathan Klau (Jacquot), Mike McGowan (Marco), Michelle Blakely (Rosalie) and Laurent Giroux (Schlegel) with the last-named role taken over by Michael Kostroff. In his review of the 2010 Goodspeed production, Frank Rizzo of Variety described Carnival! as being both a "bittersweet tuner that touches on sadness, desperation and remoteness" and "an entertainment...that features magic, puppetry and aerial work as well as a luxurious score ...Carnival! isn't a natural for wide crossover appeal, but this tasteful, multilayered production does re-enforce the view that it is still a gem to be valued."[23]
The Original Broadway Cast recording of Carnival! was recorded April 23, 1961 with Eddie Heller producing in association with Arnold Maxin; the album omits much of the dance music, as well as the songs "Magic, Magic," "Fairyland," and the "Mira" reprise. Rush-released that May as MGM 3946/Stereo S3946,[24] the Broadway cast recording reached #1 on the Billboard album chart dated July 24, 1961 and remained at #1 the following week. (The rights to recordings of Carnival! defaulted to MGM Records by virtue of the musical's parent film Lili being a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer release.)
The Original London Cast album of Carnival! was also recorded by MGM; made before the show's disappointing West End run, the London cast recording was passed by MGM to EMI and released in January 1963 as HMV CSD-1476.[25] The London Cast recording features the same tracks and edits as the Broadway cast album but includes some dialogue.
The CD of the original Broadway cast was released on June 8, 1989 on Decca Broadway; it includes nine bonus tracks, of which five are by Merrill. Kritzerland will be releasing the original London cast recording on CD for the first time in May 2011.
| Year | Chart | Position |
|---|---|---|
| 1961 | Billboard Pop Albums (Billboard 200) (mono) | 1 |
| Preceded by Stars of a Summer Night by Various artists |
Billboard 200 number-one album (mono) July 24, 1961 - July 30, 1961 |
Succeeded by Something for Everybody by Elvis Presley |
Arthur Freed hoped to produce a film version of Carnival! for MGM (who automatically had film rights by virtue of having originated the film Lili); Gower Champion and Julius J. Epstein were attached to the project as respectively director and screenwriter and unofficial reports cast the Carnival! film with Yvette Mimieux mentioned as both a possible Lili and Rosalie, Robert Goulet as Paul Berthalet and George Chakiris as Marco;[26] Broadway cast members James Mitchell and Pierre Olaf were also said to be reprising their stage roles for the film and Anna Maria Alberghetti did a screen test for the film role of Lili in the spring of 1963.[27] Plans for the film version of Carnival! abruptly collapsed.[28]
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1962 | Tony Award | Best Musical | Nominated | |
| Best Author | Michael Stewart and Helen Deutsch | Nominated | ||
| Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical | Anna Maria Alberghetti | Won | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical | Pierre Olaf | Nominated | ||
| Best Direction of a Musical | Gower Champion | Nominated | ||
| Best Producer of a Musical | David Merrick | Nominated | ||
| Best Scenic Design | Will Steven Armstrong | Won | ||
| New York Drama Critics' Circle Award | Best Musical | Nominated | ||
| Outer Critics Circle Award | Creative Contributions to the Season | Won | ||
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